Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Pulmonary and Paranasal Sinus Abnormalities in Children with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Compared to Children with Cystic Fibrosis.

Rationale: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and cystic fibrosis (CF) are characterized by inherited impaired mucociliary clearance leading to chronic progressive lung disease as well as chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The diseases share morphological and functional commonalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lungs and paranasal sinuses, but comparative MRI studies are lacking. Objectives: To determine whether PCD shows different associations of pulmonary and paranasal sinus abnormalities on MRI and lung function test results in children (infants to adolescents) compared with children with CF. Methods: Eighteen children with PCD (median age, 9.5 [IQR, 3.4-12.7] yr; range, 0-18 yr) and 36 age-matched CF transmembrane conductance regulator modulator-naive children with CF (median age, 9.4 [3.4-13.2] yr; range, 0-18 yr) underwent same-session chest and paranasal sinus MRI as well as spirometry (to determine forced expiratory volume in 1 s percent predicted) and multiple-breath washout (to determine lung clearance index z-score). Pulmonary and paranasal sinus abnormalities were assessed using previously validated chest MRI and CRS-MRI scoring systems. Results: Mean chest MRI global score was similar in children with PCD and CF (15.0 [13.5-20.8] vs. 15.0 [9.0-15.0]; P = 0.601). Consolidations were more prevalent and severe in children with PCD (56% vs. 25% and 1.0 [0.0-2.8] vs. 0.0 [0.0-0.3], respectively; P < 0.05). The chest MRI global score correlated moderately with forced expiratory volume in 1 second percent predicted in children with PCD and children with CF (r = -0.523 and -0.687; P < 0.01) and with lung clearance index in children with CF (r = 0.650; P < 0.001) but not in PCD (r = 0.353; P = 0.196). CRS-MRI sum score and mucopyocele subscore were lower in children with PCD than in children with CF (27.5 [26.3-32.0] vs. 37.0 [37.8-40.0] and 2.0 [0.0-2.0] vs. 7.5 [4.8-9.0], respectively; P < 0.01). CRS-MRI sum score did not correlate with chest MRI score in PCD (r = 0.075-0.157; P = 0.557-0.788) but correlated moderately with MRI morphology score in CF (r = 0.437; P < 0.01). Conclusions: MRI detects differences in lung and paranasal sinus abnormalities between children with PCD and those with CF. Lung disease does not correlate with CRS in PCD but correlates in CF.

The SPEC score-A quantifiable CT scoring system for primary ciliary dyskinesia.

BACKGROUND: Structural lung changes seen on computed tomography (CT) scans in persons with primary ciliary dyskinesia (pwPCD) are currently described using cystic fibrosis (CF) derived scoring systems. Recent work has shown structural changes and frequencies that are unique to PCD, indicating the need for a unique PCD-derived scoring system. METHODS: Chest CT scans from 30 pwPCD, were described for structural changes including bronchiectasis, bronchial wall thickening, mucous plugging, atelectasis, air trapping, and interlobar septal thickening and, additionally, changes previously described as being frequent in pwPCD including extensive tree-in-bud pattern of mucous plugging, bronchoceles or nodules, thickening of interlobar and interlobular septa and whole lobe atelectasis. Based on these findings a novel and unique scoring system, the Specific PCD Evaluation by CT (SPEC) score was constructed. Scans were then re-scored using the SPEC score and results compared to corresponding measurements of lung function to assess structure-function correlation. RESULTS: Total SPEC scores ranged from 0 to 60 (max possible score 90). There was a strong negative correlation between the SPEC score (SPEC) and forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume over 1 s (FEV1 ) and FEV1 /FVC ratio (-r = .784, -.865, -.872 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Using PCD-derived data we describe the construct of a PCD-specific score for assessing lung structural damage on CT scans, the SPEC score. A strong correlation between the SPEC score and PFT variables was identified. The SPEC score holds the potential for describing longitudinal changes in CT scans and assessing the efficacy of interventive therapies in patients with PCD.

Type II congenital pulmonary airway malformation with primary ciliary dyskinesia in a 4-year-old child: A case report.

A congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) combined with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) has not been described in literature. Herein, we described the case of a 4-year-old boy who presented to us with recurrent productive cough and rhinorrhea for 2 years. High resolution computed tomography of the thorax revealed multiple, cystic, transparent shadows of different sizes near the posterior thoracic cavity in the lower lobe of the left lung. Thoracoscopic segmentectomy was carried out and histology confirmed a type II CPAM. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a compound heterozygous mutation (c.10568+1G>A, c.9484delG) in the DNAH11 gene associated with PCD that originated from the boy's mother and father, respectively. This report showed that when a child with CPAM presents with a productive cough and recurrent sinusitis, irrespective of situs inversus, PCD should be suspected. Genetic testing can aid in diagnosis.

CT imaging features of paranasal sinuses in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia.

BACKGROUND: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) causes impaired mucociliary clearance and results in chronic pulmonary and sinonasal symptoms. OBJECTIVES: To study the CT imaging features of paranasal sinuses in children with PCD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 17 PCD patients ranged from 4 to 13 years, a mean age of 7.9 ± 3.3 years, were included in the final analysis. Patients with non-PCD chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) who accepted maxillary balloon catheter dilation were included in the control group. Paranasal sinuses CT scans were scored according to the Lund-Mackay staging system. The correlation between age and Lund-Mackay score was analyzed. RESULTS: 100% (17/17) had rhinosinusitis, 52.9% (9/17) had lung consolidation, 64.7% (11/17) had atelectasis, 35.3% (6/17) had bronchiectasis, and 47.1% (8/17) had a history of neonatal respiratory distress. The mean Lund-Mackay score of PCD patients was 14.2 ± 3.1, that of non-PCD CRS patients was 14.6 ± 5.5, the difference was not significant (p = .79). There was a significant inverse correlation between age and Lund-Mackay score in PCD patients (r = -0.530, p = .029) but not in non-PCD CRS patients (r = -0.168, p = .519). CONCLUSION: Radiographic severity of rhinosinusitis in PCD patients was similar to the control population but decreased with age. SIGNIFICANCE: First time to propose radiographic severity of rhinosinusitis in pediatric patients with PCD might decrease with age.

A Novel Homozygous Variant in GAS2L2 in Two Sisters with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare hereditary disease. We herein report two sisters in their 20s with suspected PCD. They were both born at full term and did not have situs inversus. Chest computed tomography showed similar signs of bronchiectasis in both siblings. Genetic examinations of the family confirmed that the sisters both harbored a homozygous variant in the growth-arrest-specific 2-like 2 (GAS2L2) gene. This is the third report of a family with PCD caused by a GAS2L2 variant.

Evaluation of novel compound variants of CEP290 in prenatally suspected case of Meckel syndrome through whole exome sequencing.

BACKGROUND: Meckel syndrome (MKS) is a fatal disease characterized by multisystem fibrosis during the prenatal or perinatal period. It has an autosomal recessive genetic pattern and is characterized by meningo occipital encephalocele, polycystic kidney dysplasia, polydactyly, and hepatobiliary ductal plate malformation. Germline variations in CEP290 have been shown to cause MKS4. METHODS: In this study, a 23-year-old Chinese woman who was 18 weeks pregnant was examined. The pregnancy was terminated due to occipital meningocele and enlarged cystic dysplastic kidney revealed by ultrasonography. In addition, the patient had a history of adverse pregnancy whereby the fetus presented with double kidney enlargement. Karyotype analysis and chromosomal microarray examination (CMA) were carried out using amniotic fluid samples. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed using tissue specimens of the aborted fetus. RESULTS: Karyotype and CMA analyses showed normal results. However, compound heterozygous mutations of CEP290 c.3175dup and CEP290 c.1201dup were detected through WES. CEP290 c.1201dup is a novel heterozygous mutation of CEP290 that has not been reported previously. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study provide information on the correlation between MKS phenotype and genotype in CEP290. In addition, these findings indicate that WES is an effective method for detecting genetic causes of multiple structural defects especially those showing normal karyotype and CMA results.

Fissure adjacent partial lobe atelectasis in primary ciliary dyskinesia.

AIM: Establishing the underlying cause in a child with chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) allows for targeted treatment and screening for associated complications. One cause of CSLD is primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Testing for PCD requires specialist expertise which is not widely available. Computed tomography (CT) scans are commonly performed when assessing CSLD. Identifying PCD-specific signs on CT would help clinicians in deciding when to refer for specialist testing. One potential PCD-specific sign we have observed is fissure adjacent partial lobe atelectasis (FAPLA). We aimed to assess if FAPLA is commonly found in CT of PCD patients. METHODS: Fifty-eight CT scans from 42 adult and child PCD patients were analysed. The presence and distribution of FAPLA were noted, and its association to sputum culture and other signs commonly seen in CSLD (bronchiectasis, bronchial wall thickening, air trapping and mucus plugging). RESULTS: FAPLA was found in 13 of 40 participants in their earliest CT scan. The prevalence of FAPLA was similar in children and adults. FAPLA involved the right middle lobe in all 13 cases and was systematically associated with ≥1 other structural change. There was no association between FAPLA and bacterial isolation from sputum. CONCLUSION: FAPLA was found in 32.5% PCD scans, without difference between children and adults in terms of frequency. Future work will determine if it is a PCD-specific sign by assessing whether it is also found in other CSLD processes and analysing more scans from children with PCD to determine how early this sign develops.

Implementation of a gene panel for genetic diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia / Implementación de un panel de genes para el diagnóstico genético de la discinesia ciliar primaria

Introduction: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is characterized by an alteration in the ciliary structure causing difficulty in the clearance of respiratory secretions. Diagnosis is complex and based on a combination of techniques. The objective of this study was to design a gene panel including all known causative genes, and to corroborate their diagnostic utility in a cohort of Spanish patients.Methods: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study of patients with a high suspicion of PCD according to European Respiratory Society criteria. We designed a gene panel for massive sequencing using SeqCap EZ capture technology that included 44 genes associated with PCD.Results: We included 79 patients, 53 of whom had a diagnosis of confirmed or highly probable PCD. The sensitivity of the gene panel was 81.1%, with a specificity of 100%. Candidate variants were found in some of the genes of the panel in 43 patients with PCD, 51.2% (22/43) of whom were homozygotes and 48.8% (21/43) compound heterozygotes. The most common causative genes were DNAH5 and CCDC39. We found 52 different variants, 36 of which were not previously described in the literature.Conclusions: The design and implementation of a tailored gene panel produces a high yield in the genetic diagnosis of PCD. This panel provides a better understanding of the causative factors involved in these patients and lays down the groundwork for future therapeutic approaches. (AU)

Introducción: La discinesia ciliar primaria (DCP) es una enfermedad caracterizada por una alteración en la estructura ciliar que impide el correcto aclaramiento de las secreciones respiratorias. Su diagnóstico es complejo y se basa en una combinación de técnicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue diseñar un panel de genes incluyendo todos los genes causantes conocidos y comprobar su utilidad diagnóstica en una cohorte de pacientes españoles.Métodos: Estudio transversal multicéntrico de pacientes con sospecha elevada de DCP, aplicando los criterios de la European Respiratory Society. Diseño de un panel de genes para secuenciación masiva con la tecnología de captura SeqCap EZ technology, incluyendo 44 genes relacionados con la DCP.Resultados: Se incluyó a 79 pacientes de los que 53 presentaron un diagnóstico de DCP confirmado o muy probable. La sensibilidad del panel de genes fue del 81,1% con una especificidad del 100%. Se encontraron variantes candidatas en alguno de los genes del panel en 43 de los pacientes con DCP, siendo 51,2% (22/43) homocigotos y 48,8% (21/43) heterocigotos compuestos. Los genes causales más frecuentes fueron DNAH5 y CCDC39. Encontramos 52 variantes distintas, 36 no descritas previamente en la literatura.Conclusiones: El diseño y la implementación de un panel de genes a medida tiene un alto rendimiento diagnóstico genético de la DCP, lo que permite conocer mejor la afectación causal de estos pacientes y sentar las bases para futuros abordajes terapéuticos. (AU)

Two novel mutations in the DNAH11 gene in primary ciliary dyskinesia (CILD7) with considerable variety in the clinical and beating cilia phenotype.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) still remains a challenge, especially with mutations in the Dynein Arm Heavy Chain 11 (DNAH11) gene. Classical diagnostic measures like Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) are not applicable for mutations in the DNAH11 gene since ultrastructural defects of the ciliary apparatus are absent. Novel mutations encoding for PCD appear all the time with considerable variation in the clinical picture, making it necessary to update data bases and guidelines for PCD diagnostics. METHODS: In this study we examined two unrelated, Finnish families with symptoms of PCD applying the clinical scoring system: Primary ciliary dyskinesia Rule (PICADAR), high speed video microscopy analysis (HSVMA) for ciliary movement, a commercially available gene panel analysis and nasal Nitric Oxide (nNO) measurements if applicable. RESULTS: Two, likely pathogenic variants in the DNAH11 gene (c.2341G > A, p. (Glu781Lys) ja c.7645 + 5G > A) were detected. In the first family, compound heterozygous mutations led to disease manifestation in two of 4 children, which showed a similar phenotype of cilia beating pattern but marked differences in disease severity. In the second family, all three children were homozygotes for the c.2341G > A p.(Glu781Lys) mutation and showed a similar degree of disease severity. However, the phenotype of cilia beating pattern was different ranging from stiff, static cilia to a hyperkinetic movement in one of these children. CONCLUSIONS: In this study we describe two Finnish families with PCD, revealing two novel mutations in the DNAH11 gene which show considerable variety in the clinical and beating cilia phenotype. The results of this study show the clinician that PCD can be much milder than generally expected and diagnosis demands a combination of measures which are only successful in experienced hands. Chronic and repeatedly treated wet cough should raise suspicion of PCD, referring the patient for further diagnostics to a specialised PCD centre.

Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy - Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic motile ciliopathy, leading to significant otosinopulmonary disease. PCD diagnosis is often missed or delayed due to challenges with different diagnostic modalities. Ciliary videomicroscopy, using Digital High-Speed Videomicroscopy (DHSV), one of the diagnostic tools for PCD, is considered the optimal method to perform ciliary functional analysis (CFA), comprising of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and beat pattern (CBP) analysis. However, DHSV lacks standardized, published operating procedure for processing and analyzing samples. It also uses living respiratory epithelium, a significant infection control issue during the COVID-19 pandemic. To continue providing a diagnostic service during this health crisis, the ciliary videomicroscopy protocol has been adapted to include adequate infection control measures. Here, we describe a revised protocol for sampling and laboratory processing of ciliated respiratory samples, highlighting adaptations made to comply with COVID-19 infection control measures. Representative results of CFA from nasal brushing samples obtained from 16 healthy subjects, processed and analyzed according to this protocol, are described. We also illustrate the importance of obtaining and processing optimal quality epithelial ciliated strips, as samples not meeting quality selection criteria do now allow for CFA, potentially decreasing the diagnostic reliability and the efficiency of this technique.

A novel DNAH11 variant segregating in a sibship with heterotaxy and implications for genetic counseling.

BACKGROUND: Isomerism or heterotaxy syndrome is the loss of normal asymmetry of the internal thoraco-abdominal organs in the left-right axis and is associated with cardiovascular malformations. Mutations within DNAH11 can be associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia and heterotaxy syndromes. METHODS: We report a family of healthy, nonconsanguinous parents with subsequent pregnancies demonstrating a novel likely pathogenic variant in DNAH11 segregating in a sibship with varied presentations. RESULT: The first affected pregnancy presented with right atrial isomerism. Further DNA testing identified three variants in DNAH11 related to primary ciliary dyskinesia: a maternally inherited heterozygous variant of unknown significance (VUS) c.2772G>A (p.Met924Ile), a maternally inherited novel likely pathogenic variant c.11662C>T (p.Arg3888Cys) as well as a paternally inherited pathogenic c.1648delA variant (p.Arg550GlyfsX16). The second pregnancy inherited the same variants including the pathogenic and likely pathogenic DNAH11 variants and presented with left isomerism and extracardiac abnormalities. CONCLUSION: We present a novel likely pathogenic variant (c.11662C>T) in DNAH11 that has manifested in heterotaxy with variability in phenotypes for subsequent pregnancies of common parents. This report demonstrates that sibship illustrates potential variability in phenotypes associated with the same pathogenic variants within a family and highlights the difficulty in genetic counseling due to the variation in clinical presentation.

Identification of genetic variants in CFAP221 as a cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare disorder that affects the biogenesis or function of motile cilia resulting in chronic airway disease. PCD is genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous, with causative mutations identified in over 40 genes; however, the genetic basis of many cases is unknown. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified three affected siblings with clinical symptoms of PCD but normal ciliary structure, carrying compound heterozygous loss-of-function variants in CFAP221. Computational analysis suggests that these variants are the most damaging alleles shared by all three siblings. Nasal epithelial cells from one of the subjects demonstrated slightly reduced beat frequency (16.5 Hz vs 17.7 Hz, p = 0.16); however, waveform analysis revealed that the CFAP221 defective cilia beat in an aberrant circular pattern. These results show that genetic variants in CFAP221 cause PCD and that CFAP221 should be considered a candidate gene in cases where PCD is suspected but cilia structure and beat frequency appear normal.

Deep phenotyping, including quantitative ciliary beating parameters, and extensive genotyping in primary ciliary dyskinesia.

BACKGROUND: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disorder resulting in abnormal ciliary motility/structure, extremely heterogeneous at genetic and ultrastructural levels. We aimed, in light of extensive genotyping, to identify specific and quantitative ciliary beating anomalies, according to the ultrastructural phenotype. METHODS: We prospectively included 75 patients with PCD exhibiting the main five ultrastructural phenotypes (n=15/group), screened all corresponding PCD genes and measured quantitative beating parameters by high-speed video-microscopy (HSV). RESULTS: Sixty-eight (91%) patients carried biallelic mutations. Combined outer/inner dynein arms (ODA/IDA) defect induces total ciliary immotility, regardless of the gene involved. ODA defect induces a residual beating with dramatically low ciliary beat frequency (CBF) related to increased recovery stroke and pause durations, especially in case of DNAI1 mutations. IDA defect with microtubular disorganisation induces a low percentage of beating cilia with decreased beating angle and, in case of CCDC39 mutations, a relatively conserved mean CBF with a high maximal CBF. Central complex defect induces nearly normal beating parameters, regardless of the gene involved, and a gyrating motion in a minority of ciliated edges, especially in case of RSPH1 mutations. PCD with normal ultrastructure exhibits heterogeneous HSV values, but mostly an increased CBF with an extremely high maximal CBF. CONCLUSION: Quantitative HSV analysis in PCD objectives beating anomalies associated with specific ciliary ultrastructures and genotypes. It represents a promising approach to guide the molecular analyses towards the best candidate gene(s) to be analysed or to assess the pathogenicity of the numerous sequence variants identified by next-generation-sequencing.

Functional loss of Ccdc151 leads to hydrocephalus in a mouse model of primary ciliary dyskinesia.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder affecting normal structure and function of motile cilia, phenotypically manifested as chronic respiratory infections, laterality defects and infertility. Autosomal recessive mutations in genes encoding for different components of the ciliary axoneme have been associated with PCD in humans and in model organisms. The CCDC151 gene encodes for a coiled-coil axonemal protein that ensures correct attachment of outer dynein arm (ODA) complexes to microtubules. A correct arrangement of dynein arm complexes is required to provide the proper mechanical force necessary for cilia beat. Loss-of-function mutations in CCDC151 in humans leads to PCD disease with respiratory distress and defective left-right body asymmetry. In mice with the Ccdc151Snbl loss-of-function mutation (Snowball mutant), left-right body asymmetry with heart defects have been observed. Here, we demonstrate that loss of Ccdc151 gene function via targeted gene deletion in mice leads to perinatal lethality and congenital hydrocephalus. Microcomputed tomography (microCT) X-ray imaging of Ccdc151-ß-galactosidase reporter expression in whole-mount brain and histological analysis show that Ccdc151 is expressed in ependymal cells lining the ventricular brain system, further confirming the role of Ccdc151 dysfunction in hydrocephalus development. Analyzing the features of hydrocephalus in the Ccdc151-knockout animals by microCT volumetric imaging, we observe continuity of the aqueduct of Sylvius, indicating the communicating nature of hydrocephalus in the Ccdc151-knockout animals. Congenital defects in left-right asymmetry and male infertility have been also observed in Ccdc151-null animals. Ccdc151 gene deletion in adult animals results in abnormal sperm counts and defective sperm motility.This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper.

Meckel syndrome: Clinical and mutation profile in six fetuses.

Meckel syndrome (MKS) is a perinatally lethal, genetically heterogeneous, autosomal recessive condition caused by defective primary cilium formation leading to polydactyly, multiple cysts in kidneys and malformations of nervous system. We performed exome sequencing in six fetuses from six unrelated families with MKS. We identified seven novel variants in B9D2, TNXDC15, CC2D2A, CEP290 and TMEM67. We describe the second family with MKS due to a homozygous variant in B9D2 and fifth family with bi-allelic variant in TXNDC15. Our data validates the causation of MKS by pathogenic variation in B9D2 and TXNDC15 and also adds novel variants in CC2D2A, CEP290 and TMEM67 to the literature.

Meckel-Gruber Syndrome: A Case Who Lived for 5 Months.

The Meckel-Gruber syndrome is a rare, congenital, and lethal malformation characterized by typical manifestations such as encephalocele, polycystic kidneys, and polydactyly. Herein, we present a case of a patient with the typical triad as well as facial, ocular, liver, and genital abnormalities who lived for almost 5 months.

Caso Clínico: Discinesia Ciliar Primaria (Síndrome de Kartagener) / Clinical Case Report: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Kartagener's Syndrom

INTRODUCCIÓN: La discinesia ciliar primaria es un trastorno hereditario autosómico recesivo, que afecta la función de las células ciliadas y se caracteriza por infecciones respiratorias a repetición y afecta tanto al tracto respiratorio superior e inferior, puede asociarse con trastornos de la lateralidad orgánica (síndrome de Kartagener), infertilidad y en algunos casos malformaciones. No existe un tratamiento específico; sin embargo, se tratan las infecciones agudas y se realiza seguimiento de la función pulmonar como en el caso clínico que se presenta a continuación. CASO CLÍNICO: Se trata de una mujer de 28 años, con antecedentes de dextrocardia, sinusitis, otitis, bronquitis y neumonías a repetición, asmática, con rinorrea mucoide crónica, que acudió por cuadro persistente de tos productiva y disnea de moderados esfuerzos. Al examen físico destacó: saturación de 80% con FIO2: 21%, cianosis discreta, ruidos cardiacos audibles en hemitórax derecho con reforzamiento del segundo ruido, estertores difusos y frémito aumentado. En la espirometría se detectó patrón obstructivo ­ restrictivo severo, la tomografía demostró la presencia de sinusitis maxilar y esfenoidal, dextrocardia, bronquiectasias e infiltrados difusos, poliesplenia, hepatomegalia e hígado en herradura. Se diagnosticó de síndrome de Kartagener (por dextrocardia, sinusitis y bronquiectasias). EVOLUCIÓN: Durante la estancia hospitalaria la paciente permaneció sin requerimientos de oxígeno suplementario y afebril. Recibió tratamiento antibiótico, corticoides inhalatorios y salbutamol. Se explicó a la paciente y sus familiares la benignidad de la enfermedad y el requerimiento de controles rigurosos por consulta externa. El diagnóstico definitivo por microscopía electrónica no fue realizado por falta de recursos a nivel local. CONCLUSIÓN: La discinesia ciliar primaria por lo general tiene un curso evolutivo de carácter benigno, al ser una enfermedad poco conocida su diagnóstico es tardío. La discinesia ciliar primaria debe ser considera dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales de un paciente que presenta infecciones respiratorias a repetición.(au)

BACKGROUND: Primary ciliary dyskinesia is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder, which affects the function of ciliated cells and is characterized by recurrent upper and lower respiratory infections. It may be associated with organic laterality disorders (Kartagener syndrome), infertility and in some cases malformations. There is no specific treatment; however, acute infections management and pulmonary function surveillance is recommended, as presented in the case report. CASE REPORT: 28-year-old woman with a history of dextrocardia, sinusitis, otitis, bronchitis and recurrent pneumonia, asthmatic, with chronic mucoid rhinorrhea and recurrent episodes of productive cough and dyspnea. Physical examination revealed an oxygen saturation of 80% at room air, discrete cyanosis, and audible cardiac sounds in the right hemithorax with reinforcement of the second noise, diffuse rales and increased thrill. Pulmonary function test was positive for a severe obstructive - restrictive pattern, computed tomography revealed the presence of maxillary and sphenoid sinusitis, dextrocardia, bronchiectasis, polysplenia hepatomegaly and horseshoe liver. The diagnosis of Kartagener syndrome was made (due to dextrocardia, sinusitis and bronchiectasis). EVOLUTION: During the hospital stay the patient remained without oxygen requirements, she received antibiotic treatment plus corticosteroids and salbutamol. Patient education was carried out, indicating the benignity of the disease and the requirement of close monitoring. Definitive diagnosis by electron microscopy was not available. CONCLUSION: Primary ciliary dyskinesia usually has a benign course of evolution; being an uncommon disease, diagnosis is usually late. Primary ciliary dyskinesia should be considered within the differential diagnosis of patients with recurrent respiratory infection(au)